| Nomenclature and Structure of Aldehydes and ketones |
Aldehydes and ketones: nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group. |
| Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones |
Methods of preparation: Aldehydes- Stephen reduction – general reaction and examples (R=CH3 and C2H5). Preparation of benzaldehyde -Rosemond reduction, Etard reaction and Gatterman Koch reaction. Ketones-from RCOCl with dialkyl cadmium, Friedel-Crafts reaction – general reactions and examples (R=CH3 and C2H5). |
| Physical Properties |
Physical properties: boiling points and solubility. |
| Chemical Reactions |
Chemical properties: Nucleophilic addition reactions- HCN and NaHSO3- general reaction, and examples, -mechanism of addition (HCN). Condensation reactions with derivatives of ammonia- NH2OH, NH2NH2, NH2NHC6H5, 2,4- DNPH, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions -general equations and examples by taking HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3COCH3, C6H5CHO. Tests to distinguish aldehydes from ketones – Tollens’ reagent and Fehling’s solution. Addition of alcohol to aldehyde (to form an acetal) and ethylene glycol to ketone –general equations and examples. For ketones: Haloform reaction for methyl ketones – general reaction, examples with CH3COC6H5, CH3COCH3.
Reactions due to -hydrogen:
1. Reason for acidic nature of -hydrogen.
2. Aldol reaction: addition and condensation for CH3CHO, CH3COCH3.
3. Crossed aldol condensation: between benzaldehyde and acetophenone Cannizzaro’s reaction (disproportionation reaction) for HCHO and C6H5 CHO. Electrophilic substitution reaction: nitration of C6H5CHO. |
| Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones |
Uses of aldehydes and ketones |
| Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group |
Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature of COOH group (reaction with Na, NaOH, NaHCO3)- with reasons, effect of EDG, e.g.: CH3 and EWG, e.g.: Cl on acid strength, with reasons.
Compare acid strengths among:
i) formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid.
ii) formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid.
iii) chloro, fluoro, bromoacetic acids.
iv) acetic acid, mono, di, and trichloroacetic acids |
| Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids |
Methods of preparation: oxidation of primary alcohols and toluene using alkaline KMnO4/ H 3 O +, hydrolysis of nitriles, amides and esters and from Grignard reagent – general reactions and examples (R=CH3, C2H5, C6H5). |
| Physical Properties |
Physical properties: boiling points and solubility. |
| Chemical Reactions |
Chemical properties: reaction with PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2, with ammonia, decarboxylation, halogenation (X = Cl, Br)– HVZ reaction- general reactions for all and examples with R=CH3, C2H5, C6H5 (wherever applicable). Nitration and bromination of benzoic acid. |
| Uses of Carboxylic Acids |
Uses of carboxylic acids. |
