ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
| Classification | Classification: mono, di, tri, allylic, and benzylic alcohols, mono, di and trihydric phenols and cresols. Ethers – simple and mixed. |
| Nomenclature | Nomenclature of alcohols, phenols, ethers. |
| Structures of Functional Groups | Structures of Functional Groups. |
| Alcohols and Phenols | Preparation of alcohols: by acid catalysed hydration of alkene, general reaction and examples, by hydroboration-oxidation of propene, from carbonyl compounds. Hydrogenation of aldehydes, ketones, reduction of carboxylic acids and using Grignard reagent- general reactions and examples (R as H, CH3 and C2H5 wherever applicable. Preparation of phenol: From: i) benzene via sulphonation. ii) diazonium salt iii) cumene. Physical properties of primary alcohols and phenol: Boiling point and solubility. Chemical properties of primary alcohols and phenol: discuss and compare acidic nature of alcohol and phenol, with reasons. Effect of electron withdrawing groups (EWG) E.g.: NO2 and electron donating groups (EDG) E.g.; CH3, on acid strength of phenol, with reasons. Esterification and acylation of alcohols/phenols- general reactions, examples with R=CH3, C2H5, conversion of salicylic acid into aspirin. Dehydration of alcohols, oxidation using PCC -general reactions, examples with R = CH3, C2H5. Mechanism of dehydration of ethanol into ethene. Identification of 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols: Lucas test–observation and inference, reaction in presence of heated copper, equations. Uses: methanol and ethanol. Reactions of phenol: 1) Electrophilic substitution: a) with dil. HNO3 and conc. HNO3. b) Br2 in CS2 (0°C) and Br2 / water. c) Kolbe’s reaction. d) Riemer-Tieman reaction 2) Reaction of phenol with zinc dust 3) Oxidation of phenol by air and by chromic acid. Uses of phenols |
| Some Commercially Important Alcohols | Methanol and Ethanol. |
| Ethers | Ethers: Preparation – by dehydration of ethanol, Williamson’s ether synthesis – general reaction – for aliphatic and phenolic ethers, examples- giving reason for proper choice of reactants wherever applicable. Physical Properties: boiling points and solubility. Chemical reactions: discuss the reaction of ethers with HX (reactivity of HX to be compared). Electrophilic substitution reaction for anisole: bromination, nitration, acetylation, alkylation (methylation). Uses of ethers |
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